Which title was Mussolini known by during his rule?

Mussolini was known by the title "Il Duce," which translates from Italian to "The Leader." This title was used to emphasize his authoritative position and to signify his role as the head of the National Fascist Party in Italy. Mussolini adopted this title as part of his effort to cultivate a strong, centralized leadership image during his regime, aligning with the broader themes of fascism that promoted loyalty and obedience to a singular leader. The use of "Il Duce" became synonymous with his rule from 1922 until his ousting in 1943, portraying himself as a powerful figure guiding Italy through both domestic and international challenges.

Other titles, like "Der Führer," are specifically associated with Adolf Hitler in Germany and do not relate to Mussolini. The titles "Prime Minister" and "President" do not encapsulate the level of personal authority and cult of personality he sought to build around his leadership. Thus, "Il Duce" is the correct designation that reflects both Mussolini's political strategy and his public persona during his time in power.