Which queen of France was known for her extravagance and was guillotined during the French Revolution?

The answer is Marie Antoinette, who was the queen of France during a tumultuous period marked by economic hardship and political upheaval. She is often remembered for her lavish lifestyle and is sometimes associated with the phrase "Let them eat cake," though there is debate about whether she actually said this. Her extravagant spending became a symbol of the excesses of the monarchy, which contributed to public discontent leading up to the French Revolution. As the revolution gained momentum, she and her husband, King Louis XVI, were arrested and later executed by guillotine in 1793. Marie Antoinette's fate illustrates the drastic changes in French society at that time, as the revolution aimed to dismantle the monarchy and redistribute power.

In contrast, the other choices do not pertain to the context of the French Revolution: Empress Wu was a Chinese emperor during the Tang Dynasty, Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher, and Sir Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and statesman known for his works in the scientific method. Their contributions and backgrounds lie outside the realm of French history and the events of the late 18th century.