What is a document or physical object created during the time being studied called?

A document or physical object created during the time being studied is referred to as a primary source. Primary sources provide direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. They include letters, photographs, official documents, diaries, and artifacts, allowing researchers to gain insights directly from the period in question. This makes primary sources invaluable for understanding historical context and viewpoints because they offer unfiltered access to historical realities.

In contrast, secondary sources interpret or analyze primary sources, often created after the event has occurred, and typically include textbooks, articles, or critiques. Tertiary sources compile and summarize primary and secondary sources, like encyclopedias or bibliographies. While the term "historic artifact" might emphasize the physical aspect of such items, it does not encompass the full range of documents that can serve as primary sources in historical research. Thus, the designation of primary source is the most accurate in this context.